JSZWM 英語版

Organization

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Organization (as of November 2008)

Board Members


President	MURATA, Koichi (Nihon University)
Vice-President	KIMURA, Jyunpei (Seoul National University) TAKADA, Mariko (Uminonakamichi Seaside Park / Animal Forest)
Secretary-General	TSUBOTA, Toshio (Hokkaido University)
Auditors	YANAI, Tokuma (Gifu University) WADA, Shinpei (Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University)
Advisor	MASUI, Mitsuko (Yokohama Zoological Garden)
Board of Directors
Administrators
Board of Trustees

Commissions

The following 12 commissions are currently working under the Board of Directors.

The Commission of Academic Affairs
This commission aims at proposing theories and methodology to contribute to preserving biodiversity and managing / conserving wildlife. Besides the production of textbooks, the commission has actively been supporting academic research at zoos in recent years through scientific discourse.
The Education Commission
This commission proposes education programs on wildlife medicine at college, post-graduate education for veterinarians, and public education, all which promote the field of wildlife medicine. They proposed the syllabus for the education of zoo and wildlife medicine at college, which aims to establish such education in Japan. At the same time, the commission conducts surveys to know if universities with a veterinary department offer the education under the syllabus.
The Editorial Commission of the JSZWM Journal
This commission aims at editing the Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (JJZWM) and facilitating its smooth publication. They have been actively working to increase the volume and improve the quality of the JJZWM, which is biannual currently.
The International Exchange Commission
This commission aims at boosting international exchanges and networking veterinarians at the international level, to support the development of wildlife medicine in Japan. The final goal, however, is to contribute to wildlife conservation from the aspect of veterinary medicine with wildlife veterinarians all around the world. The commission has put emphasis on establishing a veterinary network in zoo and wildlife medicine among Asian countries for the last several years.
The Wildlife Conservation Commission
This commission has been focusing its activities on the captive breeding of endangered species and wildlife rescue and rehabilitation. It played a central role in the establishment of the “Guidelines for Re-Introduction of Wildlife Native to Japan” by JSZWM. Currently, the commission also targets on developing human resources in wildlife rescue and rehabilitation and proposing import restrictions of non-native wildlife.
The Commission on Wildlife Conservation Fund
This commission aims at funding the JSZWM activities related to wildlife conservation. To achieve the objective, the commission works on fund-raising and public relations activities and supports research in zoo and wildlife medicine to promote wildlife conservation.
The Commission on Student Seminar Courses (SSC)
This commission plans and offers short seminar courses for college/veterinary students. Annually, several-day courses with different contents (basic and advanced) are prepared. The commission is producing the syllabus specific for the SSCs which intend to teach the basics of zoo and wildlife medicine to the students.
The Editorial Commission of JSZWM Newsletter
This commission aims at editing the Zoo and Wildlife News, a newsletter for the members, and facilitating its smooth publication. The newsletter intends to promote the activities of the members and the share of information among the members by providing the information on JSZWM and its members’activities and on domestic/international groups involving in wildlife.
The Commission on Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Certification
This commission operates the certification system of the Diploma of the Japanese College of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (JCZWM). They prepare and hold examinations annually to certify the new Diplomates of the JCZWM (see “Diploma of the Japanese College of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine”).
The Commission on Animal Welfare
This commission handles the issues related to wildlife welfare including euthanization, sacrificial examinations, and welfare of wildlife used for exhibition, education, and research. They have formulated the “Guidelines for Animal Welfare in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,” which is currently being reviewed and revised.
The Commission on Countermeasures to Infectious Diseases
This commission focuses on responding to infectious diseases with significant impacts on wildlife. To accomplish this objective, the commission formulated the guidelines for countermeasures against zoonotic diseases. They also have been conducting several different activities including establishment of the bases for infectious sample examinations and holding workshops about infectious diseases in wildlife.
The Commission on Population Management
This commission intends to define the role of veterinary medicine in wildlife management at the level of populations or larger scales. In addition, they aim to get the defined role across not only the members but also the public and government. The commission plans to hold symposia and assemblies and to perform practical activities with the cooperation of the administration and related groups in order to achieve the objectives.

Besides the above, the JSZWM Student Division started its official activities in December 2001. This division is working to encourage strong cooperation among the students (both veterinary and non-veterinary) through exchanging information and planning various gatherings and seminars. Non-member students are also welcomed to the division. As of November 2008, the division has branches in 16 universities and each branch conducts unique wildlife-related activities including study sessions, discussions, field surveys/observations, and wildlife rescue/rehabilitation.

Activities (ASZWM)

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Asian Society of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (ASZWM)

Recently, the field of zoo and wildlife medicine is rapidly being internationalized, and close cooperation among neighboring countries is the key to conserve wildlife effectively. The First Scientific Meeting of the Asian Zoo and Wildlife Medicine was held in Thailand in 2005. During the Second meeting in 2006, the Asian Society of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (ASZWM) was founded with the participation of wildlife veterinarians from Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Taiwan, and Japan. The JSZWM actively supports the ASZWM to promote zoo and wildlife medicine in Asia.

Activities (Guidelines)

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Guidelines for Animal Welfare in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

In 2003, the "Guidelines for Animal Welfare in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine" were formulated and took effect. The purpose of the guidelines is "to establish principles to secure the QOL of animals used in studies involving zoo and wildlife medicine, and to seek further conservation of the natural environment, animal welfare and the proper use of animals" (More details).

Activities (SSC)

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Student Seminar Courses (SSC)

SSCs were originally called “Summer Short Courses for Students” which started in 2003. The following five courses are annually offered to the JSZWM student members: BasicⅠ- Classroom Lectures, BasicⅡ- For Future Field Epidemiologists, AdvancedⅠ- Zoo & Aquarium Course, AdvancedⅡ- Wildlife Rehabilitation Course, and Advanced III- Museum Course.

Activities (JCZWM)

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Diploma of the Japanese College of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (JCZWM)

In 2005, JSZWM started certifying the Diploma of the Japanese College of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (JCZWM). The Diplomates are certified in the following specialized fields; Zoo Animal Medicine, Aquatic Medicine, Wildlife Medicine, Wildlife Pathology/Infectious Diseases, and Avian Medicine. As of 2008, 10 specialists are certified as the Diplomate of the JZWM.

Activities (Publications)

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Publications

Two periodicals are included in the membership: Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Zoo and Wildlife News (both biannual)
The Commission of Academic Affair translated Research and Management Techniques for Wildlife and Habitats (5th edition, The Wildlife Society, USA) into Japanese. This Japanese version was published in 2001. Currently, the commission is planning to produce a new book, Color Atlas of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (in Japanese).

Activities

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To accomplish its objectives, the JSZWM conducts the following activities,

Annual Meetings

1st meeting	July 1995, in Kanagawa
	Symposium	“Goals of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine”
2nd meeting	July 1996, Tokyo
	Symposium	“Veterinary Medicine as Environmental Science: Its Idea and Actual Research”
3rd meeting	July 1997, Gifu
	Symposium	“Zoo and Wildlife Medicine in Practical Activities: Some Examples of Efforts and Achievements”
	Open Lecture	“Humans, Animals, and Nature”
4th meeting	August 1998, Hokkaido
	Symposium	“Reintroduction and Captive Breeding of Rare Birds”
	Open Lecture	“Stories of Animals in Northern Climes”
5th meeting	July 1999, Osaka
	Symposium	“Status of Wildlife Captive Breeding for Conservation in Japan” “Marine Wildlife Medicine: Role of Wildlife Medicine for Marine Mammals”
	Open Lecture	“Environmental Hormones: Contamination in Marine Mammals”
6th meeting	August - September 2000, Tottori
	Symposium	“Alien Species” “Bioactive Mechanism of Chitosan and Its Application for Wildlife Medicine” “Avian Medicine- Clinical Techniques and Hematology”
	Special Lecture	“Basic Reptile and Amphibian Medicine”
	Laboratories	“Reptile Hematology Laboratory”&“Avian Hematology Laboratory”
7th meeting	September 2001, Kanagawa
	Keynote Speech	“Ecosystem Recovery and Veterinary Contribution to It”
	Symposia	“Alien Species Issues: Why Should Not Pet Species Establish in the Wild?” “Wildlife Rehabilitation: Cooperation between Citizens and Universities” “The New Century of Anatomy – Interpreting Animal Dead Bodies”
	Workshops	“Capturing Wildlife: Its Ethic and Practice”&“Actual Research on Wildlife Medicine: Reports of Some Projects”
8th meeting	September 2002, Fukushima
	Symposia	“What Can We See at the Goal of Wildlife Rehabilitation through Citizen Cooperation and Environmental Education?” “Wildlife First Aid and Therapeutics” “Techniques in Wildlife Rescue”
9th meeting	June 2003, Okinawa
	Symposia	“Wildlife Medicine in Japan: Joint Research by Japan and Its Neighbor Countries” “Preservation of Biodiversity as a National Policy: Learning about the National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan” “Forming the Institutional Basis of Alien Species Measures” “What Naha Citizens Can Do to Save Okinawa Rails”
	Workshop	“Infectious Diseases of Zoo and Wild Animals 2003”
	Open Lecture	“Fauna in Ryukyu Islands and Southeast Asia”
10th meeting	September 2004, Tokyo
	Keynote Speech	“Reflection on the Ten Years of the JSZWM”
	Symposia	“Zoonoses between Humans and Wildlife” “Let’s Understand More about Zoo and Wildlife Medicine in Asia – The First Step Which Starts through Cooperation”
	Workshop	“Current Situations and Issues in Species Preservation Plans to Conserve Wildlife”
11th meeting	September 2005, Hokkaido
	Symposia	“Diversifying Wildlife Issues – How Can We Contribute to Them?” “Asian Network Ⅱ- Zoo and Wildlife Medicine in the Far East”
	Open Lecture	“Let’s Save Rare Wildlife! What Zoos Can Do for It”
	Open Forum	“Raptor Electrocution and Its Countermeasures”
12th meeting	September 2006, Gifu
	Symposia	“Dead Body Science- Fusion between Zoo, Collection and Academic Research” “How Do We Develop the Process of the Endangered Species Recovery?- In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation, and Reintroduction Projects” “Ecology and Habitat Environmental Assessments of Bears and Eagles” “Wildlife Rescue and Environmental Monitoring” “Ecology and Breeding of Endangered Species” “Infections Transmitted among Humans, Domestic Animals, and Wildlife” “Monitoring of Environmental Pollution Using Wildlife as an Indicator”
	Luncheon Seminar	“Current Status and Prospect of Wildlife and Conservation Medicine in Korea”
	Workshop	“Future of Endangered Species Recovery in Japan”
	Open Lecture	“Welcome to the World of Bears and Golden Eagles”
13th meeting	September 2007, Iwate
	Symposia	“Thinking about Hunting and Wildlife Management in 21st Century” “Rescue and Management of Wildlife in Japanese and Asian Forests”
	Open Lecture	“Animals in Miyazawa Kenji’s Literary Works” “Lives Nurtured by Bountiful Forests in Tohoku”
14th meeting	September 2008, Hyogo(Kobe)
	Symposia	“How to Prevent the Spread of Infections Associated with International Transfer of Wildlife” “Promotion of Networking in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine in East Asia” “Researching Zoos”
	Luncheon Seminar	“Emergency Session about Countermeasures against Avian Influenza”
	Open Lecture	“Animals from Overseas – Current Situations and Issues”
15th meeting	September 2009, Toyama

Background and History

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In April 1988, some Japanese veterinarians working with wildlife got together at Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, which has a laboratory for wildlife study in its veterinary school. That was the start of the Wildlife Medicine Working Group (WMWG) which finally developed into the current JSZWM, the Japanese Society of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. Since then, they met annually and distributed newsletters to exchange their opinions for establishing the wildlife-related field in veterinary medicine in Japan. Besides veterinarians, some veterinary students used to attend the meetings and write for the newsletter.

At the time, the wildlife veterinarians started to develop concern about a rapid decline in wildlife populations and the loss of biodiversity in Japan, as well as in other countries. A great number of species, including the Japanese Wolf and the Japanese Crested Ibis, had already disappeared or were on the brink of extinction. Some actions were required to handle those issues.

The veterinarians felt the strong need to establish scientific ways on how to conserve and manage wildlife. They also considered that veterinary medicine had to contribute academically to protecting individual wildlife and its populations, as well as preserving biodiversity. Some international veterinary groups, such as the Veterinary Specialist Group (VSG) and the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), had launched into on-site and out-site conservation of endangered species. Moreover, zoos and aquariums in Japan were increasing their importance not only as places for wildlife research only possible in captivity, but also as places for public education to help people understand wildlife and its value. It was necessary for veterinarians in Japan to be ready for such international and domestic demands. Under the circumstances, the WMWG began to consider its development from just a working group into a nationwide society.

Concurrently, some veterinarians at zoos and aquariums were aiming for a new organization. They had called on zoo and aquarium veterinarians to participate in the new association, which would promote wildlife medicine in the zoo and aquarium. Although their primary intention was an organization exclusive for zoo and aquarium staff, they found some other groups such as the WMWG sharing the same interests and concerns with them.

After a series of discussions among the WMWS, the zoo-aquarium vet group, university staff, and some groups of small animal practitioners, they settled on jointly founding a new association of zoo and wildlife medicine.

In July 1995, the JSZWM was finally established and held its first annual meeting at Azabu University, Kanagawa. Since then, the JSZWM has held a general assembly every summer, which hosts various presentations and symposia by the members and its guests. The JSZWM publishes the biannual journal and newsletter for its members. The Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine was officially established in February 1996, and over 150 articles have been published in the nine volumes by summer 2003. Zoo and Wildlife News, a JSZWM newsletter, helps to distribute information among the members.

A total of six commissions engage in activities under the Board of Directors to fulfill the JSZWM objectives. Besides them, there are a few working groups aiming to handle special issues such as wildlife welfare and a wildlife medicine diploma.

As of November 2008, the membership had reached approximately 700 individuals and organizations and is still expanding. Most JSZWM members are veterinarians and veterinary students, but there are some members from other fields including animal science, ecology, and environmental science.

One of the JSZWM features is its large number of young members including college students. A group of student members have held an assembly at the JSZWM general meeting since 1998, and they decided to make a division for the students in September 2001. In December of the year, the JSZWM Student Division started its official activities with the approval of the Board of Directors. Both veterinary and non-veterinary students participate in the division, although the former is the great majority.

What is Zoo and Wildlife Medicine?

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The JSZWM defines zoo and wildlife medicine as the area of study that interprets the relationship between natural ecosystems and living body mechanisms. Having mainly dealt with livestock, companion and laboratory animals, veterinary medicine used to put emphasis on the etiology and the preventive and clinical aspects of those animals. However, the advancement of science and technology as well as changes in social needs are making veterinary science cover broader areas such as human- and environment-related studies. On the other hand, ecology has been recognized as an academic discipline targeting nature. Ecologists have been conducting studies on the circulation of various substances and the interaction among living organisms in natural ecosystems, two fields of investigation that are highly relevant to wildlife medicine. Zoo and wildlife medicine bridges these two scientific fields, conventional veterinary medicine and ecology.

In this field, the JSZWM aims to study the movements of pathogens and contaminants in the natural world, the defense mechanism of living body, and the prevention and treatment of disease. Another target is to interpret the aspects of the body mechanism in wildlife which are associated with captive management and breeding. Moreover, advanced study for recovering rare species is to be conducted.

More specific objectives

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To promote research possible through the medical treatment of injured and /or sick wildlife.
Investigation of the causes of injury and disease in wildlife.
Monitoring of environmental contamination through treating injured and/or sick free-ranging wildlife.
Monitoring of infectious disease in free-ranging wildlife through medical treatment.
To establish measures against infectious diseases fatal to wildlife.
Promotion of pathogenic and epidemiological research.
Development of vaccines and diagnostic techniques.
Establishment of measures against outbreak, including clinical techniques.
To promote research on the pathogenesis of wildlife disease.
To promote research on zoonotic disease.
Understanding the transmission of zoonotic disease among wildlife, livestock, companion animals, and humans.
To encourage captive breeding of endangered wildlife.
Aiming for the recovery of animal populations endangered in the wild.
Establishment of techniques for artificial insemination and in-vitro fertilization.
To promote research of basic and clinical medicine for wildlife in zoos and aquariums.
Promotion of research only possible in zoos and aquariums.
Development of medical techniques specialized for wildlife.
To interpret interrelationships between population dynamics and the body mechanism in wildlife.
Understanding how the nutritional and reproductive status of an individual animal changes in conjunction with the dynamic state of the population.
Investigation of genetic variation among local wildlife populations.
Accumulation of the basic data essential for managing populations in the wild.
To promote the conservation and management of wildlife populations to preserve biodiversity.
To promote study to find a way to coexist with wildlife.

Chief Provision of JSZWM Activities

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To promote research and academic exchange in veterinary medicine for free-ranging wildlife and zoo/aquarium animals.
To promote veterinary-school and post-graduate education in zoo and wildlife medicine.
To establish medical techniques for treating and rehabilitating injured and/or sick free-ranging wildlife.
To enhance public education to promote a better understanding of wildlife and its value.
To encourage international exchanges in the fields of zoo and wildlife medicine and wildlife conservation.

Objectives

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The Japanese Society of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (JSZWM) aims to promote medicine for captive and free-ranging wildlife. The JSZWM is not only involved in the area of preventive and clinical medicine for wildlife, but also fields fundamental to zoo and wildlife medicine, such as the ecological aspects of wildlife.

The JSZWM also intends to apply such medicine to the following areas: wildlife conservation and management for preserving biodiversity and the study of human-wildlife interrelationships.

Guidelines for Animal Welfare in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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Considering the increase in zoo and wildlife medicine and heightened world-wide concern regarding animal welfare in recent years, we, the Japanese Society of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (hereinafter referred to as JASWM) have drafted new guidelines for animal welfare that encompass all animals both in zoos and in the wild. The JASWM hereby proposes codified rules to serve as guidelines in protecting the dignity and the quality of life (QOL) of animals in zoos and in the wild that are used as subjects for various studies involving zoo and wildlife medicine. The JASWM is seeking improvement in the situation of animals used in violation of these guidelines. In awareness, in response to growing public awareness concerning animal welfare, the JASWM will review these guidelines at specific intervals for the purpose of revising and improving them.

1．Purpose

　The purpose of these guidelines is to establish principles to secure the QOL of animals used in studies involving zoo and wildlife medicine (including collection, care and experiments), and to seek further conservation of the natural environment, animal welfare and the proper use of animals.

2．Obligation

　All members of the JASWM have an obligation to faithfully observe and fulfill these guidelines.

3．Scope

　These guidelines apply to all animals in zoos and in the wild that are used in various research projects conducted in the fields, in zoological parks and at universities.

4．Research planning

　In planning their researches, researchers must take into consideration ways to minimize the effects on the animals and the ecosystem by seeking advice from specialists in ecology or in animals used as experiment subjects.

5．Collection

　The collection of animals for research purposes must comply with all of the conditions noted below.

5-1．The process of collections may not involve infringement or violation of any related rules and regulations, domestic and international, in any form.
5-2．Acquisition of animals should be legal and should fully take into account the conservation of the animal species.
5-3．The role of the animals should be clearly defined in the planning of the research.
5-4．The condition of the animals, including the gender, ages and characteristics, should be appropriate to the purposes and requirements of the researches.
5-5．Animals collected for research purposes should be transported in the optimum way to minimize the stress placed on them to the utmost limit.

6．Care

　In terms of the care of animals that have been collected, researchers should take into consideration the conservation of the animals and animal welfare by checking the following conditions.

6-1．Full care must be given to animals used in the research to provide highest possible QOL for them.
6-2．The care facilities, including equipment, and instruments, should be appropriate to habits and physiology of the particular animals involved.
6-3．Any information required in order to provide optimal animal care and to conduct the research in the optimal manner should be obtained before the care of the animals is undertaken.
6-4．Animal technicians should be fully trained and should have mastered the knowledge and skills required in order to treat the pertinent animal species appropriately.
6-5．An appropriate environment should be provided for animal care prior to the start of experiments.

7．Experiments

　Effect caused by the experiment on the environment and animal population should be minimized, and researchers should observe the conditions noted below.

7-1．Researchers should make every effort to avoid causing needless pain to animals.
7-2．Safety should be given every consideration by researchers in the course of the experiments.
7-3．When planning their projects, researchers should carefully consider how animals used in the experiment will be disposed of, including release or euthanization.

8．Euthanization

　Euthanization should be done based on a veterinarian's decisions, taking into consideration the QOL and protection against infectious diseases.

9．Compliance with related laws

　Domestic and international laws and regulations governing animal collection, care and study should be fully understood and complied with.

10．Animal welfare committee

　To help achieve the objectives defined herein, the JASWM should formulate an animal welfare committee, the details of which shall be provided separately by the JASWM.

11．Revisions

　All amendments and revisions to these guidelines shall be discussed and approved by the board of directors, and are subject to approval by the membership at general meetings of the JASWM.

12．Supplementary provision

　These guidelines shall take effect on June 27th, 2003.

Links

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University

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Corporations and research institutions